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When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
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Ionic Liquids in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Andrea Balducci1,2

  • 1Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany. andrea.balducci@uni-jena.de.

Topics in Current Chemistry (Cham)
|February 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Ionic liquids offer enhanced safety and wider operating temperatures for lithium-ion batteries. This study analyzes their advantages and limitations for advanced energy storage applications.

Keywords:
AnodesCathodesElectrolytesIonic liquidsLithium-ion batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium-ion batteries are crucial for modern energy storage.
  • Current limitations include safety concerns and narrow operating temperature ranges.
  • Advancements require novel electrolyte development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically analyze the use of ionic liquids as electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries.
  • To evaluate their potential for improving battery safety and performance.
  • To identify the advantages and limitations of various ionic liquid types.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing literature on ionic liquids in lithium-ion batteries.
  • Comparison of protic and aprotic ionic liquid properties.
  • Assessment of safety and operative temperature range improvements.

Main Results:

  • Ionic liquids show promise for enhancing lithium-ion battery safety.
  • Specific ionic liquid types offer potential for wider operative temperature ranges.
  • Limitations include cost, conductivity, and long-term stability.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic liquids are a promising class of electrolytes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
  • Further research is needed to overcome existing limitations for widespread adoption.
  • Development of advanced ionic liquids is key to unlocking new applications in transportation and beyond.