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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo cycles of catastrophe and rescue. The microtubules play a central role in cell division by forming the spindle apparatus for segregating the chromosomes. This makes them ideal targets for regulating dividing cells in tumors and malignant cancer cells. Microtubule stabilizing drugs help stabilize the microtubule formation and promote its polymerization. Paclitaxel was the first microtubule stabilizing agent used as anticancer drug in chemotherapy...
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The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
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Microtubules are dynamic structures and can be regulated by microtubule targeting agents (MTAs). Microtubule destabilizing drugs are a class of MTAs that destabilize and prevent microtubules' polymerization. Both natural and synthetic chemicals can be found under this class of drugs. Vincristine and vinblastine, two vinca alkaloids, and colchicine were among the first to be discovered. These drugs can affect cells in various ways, either by inducing a change in cell morphology, preventing...
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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Phytosterols as a natural anticancer agent: Current status and future perspective.

Naiyer Shahzad1, Wajahatullah Khan2, Shadab Md3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie
|February 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Phytosterols, plant compounds similar to cholesterol, show promise in reducing cancer risk and inhibiting tumor growth. Dietary inclusion of phytosterols may aid in cancer prevention and treatment.

Keywords:
Anticancer effect of sterolsCampesterolDietary phytosterolsDietary phytosterols and cancerPhytosterolsPhytosterols and cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biochemistry
  • Nutritional science
  • Cancer biology

Background:

  • Phytosterols are plant-derived compounds structurally analogous to cholesterol, commonly found in the human diet as sitosterol and campesterol.
  • They possess bioactive properties, notably reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, which benefits cardiovascular health by lowering LDL-cholesterol.
  • Emerging evidence suggests phytosterols may reduce cancer risk by up to 20% and modulate host antitumor responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the occurrence, chemistry, and pharmacokinetics of phytosterols.
  • To summarize the potential anticancer properties of phytosterols demonstrated in vitro and in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on phytosterols.
  • Analysis of in vitro and in vivo data regarding phytosterol effects on cancer.

Main Results:

  • Phytosterols influence host systems, enhancing immune recognition of cancer and affecting hormone-dependent endocrine tumor growth.
  • They exhibit direct antitumor effects, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and inhibition of metastasis.
  • Phytosterol-rich diets are associated with a potential 20% reduction in cancer risk.

Conclusions:

  • Phytosterols demonstrate significant potential as anticancer agents through various mechanisms.
  • Their inclusion in the diet is supported for both cancer prevention and as a complementary treatment strategy.