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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
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Silver nanoparticles can attenuate nitrative stress.

Mariusz Zuberek1, Patrycja Paciorek1, Grzegorz Bartosz2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.

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|February 4, 2017
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Glucose availability impacts silver nanoparticle (AgNP) toxicity. Lowering glucose boosts nitric oxide production, but AgNPs surprisingly reduce it by accelerating protein repair, indicating a protective effect.

Keywords:
Reactive nitrogen speciesReactive oxygen speciesSilver nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) toxicity is influenced by glucose availability.
  • Previous studies linked glucose to antioxidant defenses and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • The effect of glucose on reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and AgNPs is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate glucose availability's effect on RNS production in HepG2 cells.
  • To determine how AgNPs modify nitrative stress under varying glucose conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Cultured HepG2 cells under different glucose concentrations.
  • Assessed gene expression for inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2/NOS2A).
  • Measured nitric oxide (NO) levels and protein nitration/denitration.

Main Results:

  • Lowering glucose increased NOS2/NOS2A gene expression and nitric oxide production.
  • AgNPs decreased nitric oxide levels in low-glucose conditions.
  • AgNPs accelerated the removal of nitrated proteins, suggesting a protective role.

Conclusions:

  • Glucose availability significantly modulates RNS production and cellular response to AgNPs.
  • AgNPs may exert protective effects against nitrative stress in low-glucose environments.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of AgNP-induced protection.