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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
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IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
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IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds00:55

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds

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When infrared radiation is passed through a molecule, absorption occurs if the molecule's vibration leads to a substantial change in its bond dipole moment. Transitions between vibrational energy levels, typically corresponding to infrared frequencies (4000–400 cm−1), allow absorption if the vibration significantly alters the dipole moment, making the molecule infrared active. The molecular bonds have different stretching and bending vibrations, resulting in various peaks with...
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IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

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In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in...
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Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
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Resonant structures for infrared detection.

K K Choi, S C Allen, J G Sun

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed resonator-quantum well infrared photodetectors (R-QWIPs) for long-wavelength applications, achieving high quantum and conversion efficiencies. These R-QWIPs demonstrate promising performance for infrared detection systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Solid-state physics
    • Infrared technology

    Background:

    • Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) are crucial for infrared detection.
    • Long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) applications require highly sensitive photodetectors.
    • Resonator-enhanced QWIPs (R-QWIPs) offer potential for improved performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and characterize R-QWIPs for long-wavelength applications.
    • To investigate the impact of active material thickness on R-QWIP performance.
    • To evaluate key performance metrics including quantum efficiency (QE) and conversion efficiency (CE).

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of R-QWIP detector pixels with a 25 μm pitch.
    • Hybridization of detector pixels to fan-out circuits for radiometric measurements.
    • Characterization of photodetector performance, including QE, CE, spectral response, and dark current.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved 37% QE and 15% CE with a 1.3 μm thick active material.
    • Achieved 35% QE and 21% CE with a 0.6 μm thick active material.
    • Detectors exhibited a cutoff wavelength of 10.5 μm with a 2 μm bandwidth and a dark current equal to photocurrent at 65 K (F/2 optics).
    • Observed significant QE polarity asymmetry in the thicker detector due to nonlinear potential drop.

    Conclusions:

    • R-QWIPs demonstrate high performance for long-wavelength infrared applications.
    • Active material thickness impacts QE and CE, with thinner material showing higher CE.
    • Further optimization is needed to address QE polarity asymmetry for balanced performance.