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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Exocytosis00:50

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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment
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Exosomes versus microexosomes: Shared components but distinct functions.

Kenji Miyado1, Woojin Kang2,3, Kenji Yamatoya4

  • 1Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan. miyado-k@ncchd.go.jp.

Journal of Plant Research
|February 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intercellular carriers like exosomes and exosome-like vesicles transport cellular components between cells in plants and animals. These vesicles, including those containing tetraspanin CD9, play crucial roles in biological processes such as fertilization.

Keywords:
CD9ExosomeIntercellular transportationMembrane fusionMicroexosomeTetraspanin

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Multicellular organisms utilize intercellular transport for cellular component translocation.
  • Exosomes are key mediators of intercellular transportation, with external vesicles in plants now considered exosome-like.
  • Tetraspanin CD9, an exosomal component, is vital for mammalian sperm-egg fusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of exosome-like vesicles in intercellular transport across different species.
  • To investigate the presence and function of tetraspanin CD9 in plant and animal reproductive processes.
  • To highlight the structures, formation, and functions of these shared intercellular carriers.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of exosome and exosome-like vesicle structures and formation.
  • Investigation of tetraspanin CD9 localization in plant reproductive tissues and mouse eggs.
  • Observation of vesicle release during mammalian egg maturation and its effect on sperm-egg fusion.

Main Results:

  • External vesicles in plants share characteristics with mammalian exosome-like vesicles.
  • Arabidopsis tetraspanins are expressed in reproductive tissues and localized at the plasma membrane.
  • CD9-containing microexosomes released from mouse eggs promote sperm-egg fusion.

Conclusions:

  • Shared intercellular carriers, including exosome-like vesicles, are released from diverse plant and animal cells.
  • These vesicles, potentially containing molecules like tetraspanin CD9, widely regulate biological phenomena, including fertilization.
  • Further research into the discrete structures, formation, and functions of these carriers is warranted.