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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
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Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI01:14

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Introduction: MRI and CT scans are crucial advancements in medical imaging techniques, playing a vital role in diagnosing conditions related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Each scan serves distinct purposes, targets specific areas, and requires unique nursing duties.
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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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Enhanced dynamic range x-ray imaging.

Mark A Haidekker1, Logan Dain-Kelley Morrison1, Ajay Sharma2

  • 1University of Georgia, College of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, 597 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602-4435, USA.

Computers in Biology and Medicine
|February 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a high dynamic range (HDR) X-ray imaging technique. By combining multiple exposures, it recovers quantitative absorption data, reducing image retakes and patient radiation exposure.

Keywords:
ContrastDynamic rangeNoiseSaturationX-ray absorption

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiology
  • Image Processing

Background:

  • X-ray images often exhibit excess contrast, leading to over- and underexposed regions.
  • Quantitative analysis of X-ray images is compromised by underexposure (photon starvation) and overexposure.
  • Current imaging practices may necessitate image retakes to capture sufficient detail, increasing patient radiation dose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for creating enhanced dynamic range (EDR) X-ray images.
  • To enable quantitative recovery of absorbance values from composite X-ray images.
  • To reduce the number of retaken images and overall patient radiation exposure.

Main Methods:

  • A novel composite imaging technique analogous to high dynamic range (HDR) photography is proposed.
  • Multiple X-ray exposures are combined, utilizing only pixels within optimal exposure ranges.
  • A mathematical framework is presented for recovering absorbance from the composite EDR images.

Main Results:

  • The method successfully generated composite X-ray images with enhanced dynamic range.
  • Accurate recovery of absorbance values was demonstrated using biological and non-biological samples.
  • Quantitative accuracy was validated by successfully determining aluminum step-wedge thickness from absorbance data.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed EDR X-ray imaging method enables quantitative absorbance recovery, overcoming limitations of conventional imaging.
  • This technique has the potential to reduce image retakes and patient radiation dose.
  • Applications may include improvements in dual energy absorptiometry and computed tomography by mitigating photon-starved projections.