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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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The Pioneer Anomaly.

Slava G Turyshev1, Viktor T Toth2

  • 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.

Living Reviews in Relativity
|February 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The Pioneer anomaly, a mysterious sunward deceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft, remains unexplained. New investigations utilize extensive data to uncover the cause of this deviation from expected orbital mechanics.

Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics and Space Exploration
  • Celestial Mechanics
  • Fundamental Physics

Background:

  • Radio-metric Doppler tracking data from Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft revealed a consistent, anomalous blue-shifted frequency drift.
  • This drift was interpreted as a constant sunward deceleration of (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10-10 m/s2, challenging Newton's inverse-square law.
  • The nature of this 'Pioneer anomaly' has remained unexplained since its detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the Pioneer anomaly's physical properties and detection.
  • To summarize proposed mechanisms and the status of ongoing research into its cause.
  • To provide essential background for a new comprehensive investigation using extended data sets.

Main Methods:

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  • Analysis of radio-metric Doppler tracking data from Pioneer 10 and 11 across heliocentric distances of 20-70 AU.
  • Review of proposed physical mechanisms and theoretical explanations for the anomalous deceleration.
  • Leveraging newly available comprehensive telemetry, project documentation, and mission operational data for a new investigation.

    • Main Results:

    • Consistent detection of a small, anomalous, blue-shifted frequency drift indicating a constant sunward deceleration.
    • The anomaly's rate is approximately 6 × 10-9 Hz/s, translating to a deceleration of a = (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10-10 m/s2.
    • Despite extensive study, the precise cause of the Pioneer anomaly remains undetermined.

    Conclusions:

    • The Pioneer anomaly represents a significant unexplained phenomenon in spacecraft trajectory analysis.
    • A new, comprehensive investigation is underway, utilizing extensive historical data and documentation.
    • This review provides critical context for interpreting the forthcoming results of the new investigation.