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Factors Affecting Workability01:24

Factors Affecting Workability

337
The workability of concrete is a critical characteristic that influences the ease of mixing, handling, and finishing the concrete. It is affected by several factors including water content, aggregate properties, and admixtures like air entrainment. Water plays a fundamental role as it lubricates the concrete mix, facilitating easier movement and placement. However, the water requirement varies depending on the texture and shape of aggregates. Finer particles and angular, rough-textured...
337
Workability of Concrete01:25

Workability of Concrete

492
The workability of concrete is a crucial property that affects its handling, placing, and finishing during construction. It describes the ease with which concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted, and finished. Workability is primarily concerned with the concrete's movement and its ability to resist internal friction and external resistance from molds and reinforcements during the application process.
Concrete's workability is determined by its resistance to internal forces that arise...
492
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

322
This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
322
Specific Gravity of Aggregate01:19

Specific Gravity of Aggregate

901
Aggregates typically contain pores, which can be either permeable or impermeable. Considering the pores in the aggregates, the specific gravity of aggregates is defined in three different forms, namely, bulk or gross specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absolute specific gravity.
Bulk or gross specific gravity is calculated by taking the ratio of the mass of aggregates in the saturated surface-dry state to the total volume that includes both the solids and the voids within the...
901
Compacting Factor test01:22

Compacting Factor test

662
The compacting factor test is a method used to assess the workability of concrete. It is  especially suitable for concrete mixes containing aggregates up to one and a half inches in size. This test involves specialized equipment consisting of two truncated cone-shaped hoppers and a cylinder, all with polished interior surfaces to minimize friction.
The procedure begins by placing concrete into the upper hopper without any compaction. Once filled, the bottom door of this hopper is opened,...
662
Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate01:22

Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate

726
Toughness and hardness are critical properties of aggregate materials used in concrete, particularly on pavement surfaces and industrial flooring subjected to heavy loads. Toughness is defined as the aggregate's resistance to failure by impact and is measured by the aggregate impact value (AIV). For this, the aggregate impact value test is performed, wherein the impact is delivered by a standard hammer, which falls freely under its own weight onto the aggregates. The aggregates fragment in...
726

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The development and initial validation of the Decent Work Scale.

Ryan D Duffy1, Blake A Allan2, Jessica W England1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Florida.

Journal of Counseling Psychology
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Researchers developed the Decent Work Scale (DWS) to measure psychological aspects of decent work. This new scale offers a valid tool for assessing working conditions, healthcare access, pay, work-life balance, and organizational values.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Industrial-Organizational Psychology
  • Sociology of Work

Background:

  • Decent work is central to the Psychology of Working Theory (PWT).
  • Existing instruments do not comprehensively assess the psychological components of decent work.
  • A validated scale is needed to measure decent work attainment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Decent Work Scale (DWS).
  • To assess the 5 psychological components of decent work: safe conditions, healthcare access, adequate compensation, sufficient free time, and complementary organizational values.

Main Methods:

  • Scale development using exploratory factor analysis (Study 1, N=275).
  • Validation using confirmatory factor analysis and invariance testing across demographic groups (Study 2, N=589).
  • Assessed convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity with related constructs.

Main Results:

  • The 15-item DWS with 5 subscales demonstrated strong psychometric properties.
  • The scale structure was invariant across gender, income, social class, and race/ethnicity.
  • DWS scores predicted job satisfaction, work meaning, and withdrawal intentions.

Conclusions:

  • The Decent Work Scale (DWS) is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring decent work.
  • The DWS can be used by researchers and practitioners to assess decent work attainment.
  • This scale contributes to the understanding and promotion of decent work in applied settings.