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Related Concept Videos

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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
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Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists work by interacting with an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft. They can be reversible or irreversible inhibitors and have different effects on the enzyme.
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DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Phthalic Acid Ester-Binding DNA Aptamer Selection, Characterization, and Application to an Electrochemical Aptasensor
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DNA Nanostructure Sequence-Dependent Binding of Organophosphates.

Yingning Gao1, Samson Or1, Aaron Toop1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|February 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals sequence-dependent binding of organophosphates to DNA, with implications for designing DNA-based sensors and extraction materials. The research explored interactions between DNA and compounds like methyl parathion and paraoxon.

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Author Spotlight: Advancements in DNA Nanosensors &#8211; Addressing Sensitivity and Selectivity Challenges in Molecular Detection
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular interactions
  • Biomaterials science
  • Chemical biology

Background:

  • Understanding small molecule interactions with double-stranded DNA is crucial for developing DNA and DNA-protein nanomaterials.
  • These nanomaterials offer diverse structural possibilities for binding small molecules through intercalation, groove binding, and electrostatics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the binding of organophosphates (methyl parathion, paraoxon, p-nitrophenol) to DNA fragments and DNA DX tiles.
  • To elucidate the sequence-dependent nature of these molecular interactions and binding modes.

Main Methods:

  • Computational docking simulations to predict binding strength.
  • Experimental binding assays including microscale thermophoresis and fluorescence spectroscopy.
  • Circular dichroism spectroscopy to determine binding modes.

Main Results:

  • Organophosphate binding to DNA was found to be sequence-dependent, with dissociation constants in the micromolar range.
  • Paraoxon exhibited Kd values between ~10-300 μM, methyl parathion between ~10-100 μM, and p-nitrophenol up to 650 μM.
  • DNA DX tiles demonstrated enhanced binding affinities for the studied organophosphates.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides fundamental insights into the molecular interactions between organophosphates and DNA.
  • Findings open possibilities for novel DNA-based sensors, extraction matrices for organophosphates, and enzyme-DNA technologies.