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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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The scapula backward tipping test: An inter-rater reliability study.

Deepak Sebastian1, Raghu Chovvath1, Ramesh Malladi1

  • 1Institute of Therapeutic Sciences, Residency in Orthopaedic Physical Therapy, Fellowship in Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy, Alternative Rehab Inc, 20319 Farmington Road, Livonia, MI 48152, USA.

Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
|February 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The scapula backward tipping test (SBTT) reliably detects pectoralis minor tightness and associated shoulder dysfunction. This simple test can be effectively used by physical therapists to assess shoulder pain.

Keywords:
Forward tippingReliabilityScapulaShoulder painSpecial test

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Physical Therapy

Background:

  • Pectoralis minor (PM) tightness can lead to scapula forward tipping.
  • This condition is associated with shoulder pain and dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the reliability of the scapula backward tipping test (SBTT).
  • To determine if SBTT can detect pectoralis minor tightness and scapula forward tipping in symptomatic individuals.

Main Methods:

  • 30 patients with shoulder pain were examined by two physical therapists.
  • The SBTT involves assessing scapular movement and tightness with the patient prone.
  • Inter-rater reliability was calculated using the kappa statistic.

Main Results:

  • The SBTT demonstrated good reproducibility between examiners (Kappa = 0.735).
  • The percentage agreement between examiners was 86.67%.

Conclusions:

  • The SBTT is a reliable and simple clinical test.
  • It can be effectively used to identify pectoralis minor tightness and subsequent scapula forward tipping.