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Related Experiment Videos

Frictional forces between bracket and arch wire.

D Drescher1, C Bourauel, H A Schumacher

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, West Germany.

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics
|November 1, 1989
PubMed
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Understanding orthodontic friction is key for effective tooth movement. This study found that retarding force, wire surface roughness, and wire size significantly impact friction, guiding optimal bracket and wire selection for efficient treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics and Dental Mechanics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tribology in Medicine

Background:

  • Tooth movement during orthodontic treatment is influenced by friction between archwires and brackets.
  • Understanding and quantifying this frictional force is crucial for predicting and achieving efficient clinical outcomes.
  • Existing research has not fully elucidated the complex interplay of factors affecting friction in three-dimensional tooth rotations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magnitude of frictional forces encountered during guided tooth movement along an archwire.
  • To identify and rank the key factors influencing friction, including wire properties, bracket dimensions, and applied forces.
  • To provide evidence-based recommendations for selecting optimal wire-bracket combinations to minimize friction and enhance treatment efficiency.

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Main Methods:

  • A specialized friction-testing apparatus was developed to simulate three-dimensional tooth rotations.
  • Five different wire alloys and five wire sizes were tested across three bracket widths.
  • Varying levels of retarding force (0-3 N) were applied to quantify their effect on friction.

Main Results:

  • Friction magnitude was primarily influenced by retarding force, followed by wire surface roughness, wire size (vertical dimension), bracket width, and wire elastic properties.
  • Stainless steel wires (0.016 x 0.022 inch) with medium (3.3 mm) or wide (4.2 mm) brackets demonstrated favorable friction characteristics.
  • TMA wires required a significantly higher force increase (sixfold) to overcome friction, posing a risk of anchorage overload.

Conclusions:

  • The selection of appropriate archwire and bracket dimensions is critical for managing frictional forces in orthodontics.
  • A combination of 0.016 x 0.022 inch stainless steel wire and a 3.3 mm or 4.2 mm bracket is recommended for efficient arch-guided tooth movement.
  • Careful consideration of wire material (e.g., TMA) is necessary due to potentially high frictional forces and anchorage demands.