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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
Dose-Response Relationship: Overview01:03

Dose-Response Relationship: Overview

Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many biochemical processes at the cellular level and subsequently induce a pharmacologic response. The degree of response is directly proportional to the fraction of activated receptors, which in turn, depends on the concentration of the drug at the receptor site as well as the sensitivity of the receptor. An increase in the administered dose contributes to...
Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods01:21

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods

Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Dose Response Curve: Conventional Versus Nonmonotonic01:21

Dose Response Curve: Conventional Versus Nonmonotonic

The correlation between a drug's dosage and its impact on a biological system is a cornerstone of pharmacology and toxicology. Conventional dose–response curves, which include graded and quantal relationships, are key to this understanding. Graded dose–response curves depict the spectrum of a biological reaction to different doses within an individual, indicating that as the drug dosage increases, so does the intensity of the response. On the other hand, quantal dose–response relationships...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

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Related Experiment Video

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Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging
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From Dose to Response: In Vivo Nanoparticle Processing and Potential Toxicity.

Uschi M Graham1,2, Gary Jacobs3, Robert A Yokel3

  • 1University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. graham@topasol.com.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Understanding nanoparticle health risks requires examining how manufactured nanoparticles change within the body. Precise characterization reveals how these transformations influence biological responses and potential adverse effects.

Keywords:
Electron MicroscopyNanoparticle InstabilityNanotechnologySubcellularTransformation

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotoxicology
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Manufactured nanoparticles raise concerns regarding occupational and environmental health impacts.
  • These concerns threaten the industrial use and commercial integration of nanomaterials.
  • Understanding dose-response relationships is crucial for safe nanomaterial application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the inter-relationship between dose and biological response to nanoparticles.
  • To elucidate the dynamic chemical and physical transformations of nanoparticles in vivo.
  • To understand the formation of new reaction products at cellular and subcellular levels.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring nanoscale alterations using high-resolution imaging.
  • Employing in situ elemental analysis for precise characterization.
  • Investigating the non-linear relationship between dose, bio-processing, and response.

Main Results:

  • Physicochemical transformations of nanoparticles occur within biological systems.
  • These transformations complicate the dose-response relationship.
  • In vivo formation of new reaction products is observed.

Conclusions:

  • Precise characterization of nanoparticles is essential for understanding their biological fate.
  • The study provides an in-depth understanding of particle transformations and physiological responses.
  • This knowledge is vital for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with nanomaterials.