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Related Concept Videos

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources02:03

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

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Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees
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Water relations in tree physiology: where to from here?

Joe Landsberg1, Richard Waring2, Michael Ryan

  • 1Withycombe, Church Lane, Mt Wilson, NSW, Australia.

Tree Physiology
|February 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Tree water relations research is mature, with well-understood processes like transpiration and stomatal conductance. Current models predict drought responses and identify mortality thresholds, focusing on hydraulic failure and stomatal sensitivity.

Keywords:
cavitationhydraulic pathwaysmodelsplant water relationsreviewscientific paradigmstomatatranspiration

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Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Plant physiology
  • Forest ecology
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Over 50 years of research in tree water relations.
  • Assessing the maturity of the field using Kuhn's paradigm concept.
  • Established understanding of physical processes in transpiration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review the maturity of tree water relations research.
  • Evaluate current understanding of water transport and storage in trees.
  • Identify knowledge gaps and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of 50 years of research.
  • Analysis of physical processes in transpiration and stomatal conductance.
  • Assessment of hydraulic pathways, cavitation, and water storage.

Main Results:

  • Tree water relations is a mature field with well-tested concepts.
  • Significant advances in understanding stomatal responses and hydraulic pathways.
  • Models can now scale transpiration and predict drought responses.

Conclusions:

  • The field is mature, with few anomalies, and models are well-accepted.
  • Research is refining existing concepts and filling knowledge gaps.
  • Focus is shifting to climatic thresholds for tree mortality, emphasizing hydraulic failure and stomatal sensitivity.