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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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New insights into thyroid hormone action.

Arturo Mendoza1, Anthony N Hollenberg1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

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Summary

Thyroid hormones (TH) are vital for development and function. Cellular control of TH levels, not just circulation, impacts tissue sensitivity and gene expression, offering new insights into diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial endocrine messengers for vertebrate development and function.
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis tightly regulates circulating TH (T4 and T3) levels.
  • Intracellular TH availability, controlled by tissues and the CNS, can differ from circulating concentrations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel insights into the machinery controlling cellular responses to TH.
  • To highlight how tissue-specific factors influence TH sensitivity.
  • To explore the variable mechanisms of TH receptor-mediated gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on TH transport, deiodination, and coregulator function.
  • Analysis of signaling cascades involved in cellular TH response.
  • Examination of gene, tissue, and cellular context-dependent TH receptor mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • TH transporters, deiodinases, and coregulators critically control tissue-specific TH sensitivity.
  • Intracellular TH availability is a key determinant of cellular response.
  • Thyroid hormone receptor regulation of gene expression is context-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular machinery, including unique signaling pathways, dictates tissue response to TH.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides new perspectives on the pathophysiology of diseases linked to abnormal TH signaling.
  • Tissue-specific TH sensitivity is a critical factor in overall TH action.