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The USA is a major hub for global wildlife trade, with increasing import volumes demanding enhanced disease surveillance and risk assessment. This study analyzed 14 years of data to understand trade patterns and associated health risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Public Health
  • Wildlife Trade Ecology
  • International Trade Analysis

Background:

  • The global wildlife trade is extensive, posing potential risks for disease emergence and spread.
  • Understanding trade dynamics is crucial for effective risk management and public health protection.
  • The United States plays a significant role in the international exchange of wildlife.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the United States' role in global wildlife exchange.
  • To describe high-volume wildlife trade patterns.
  • To identify priorities for wildlife health risk assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nearly 14 years (2000-2013) of wildlife trade data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS).
  • Inclusion of approximately 11 billion individual specimens and 977 million kilograms of wildlife.
  • Examination of shipment origins, specimen types, trade volumes, and legal/illegal trade sources.

Main Results:

  • Mammals constituted the largest portion of shipments (27%), while shells (57%) and tropical fish (25%) were the most imported specimens.
  • The aquatic and pet industries were major facilitators, with one-third of shipments containing live animals.
  • Indonesia and China were leading exporters of legal wildlife, while Mexico and China led in illegal shipments.
  • Annual declared shipments doubled between 2000 and 2013, indicating rising demand.

Conclusions:

  • The escalating volume of wildlife trade necessitates increased capacity for border inspections, risk management, and disease surveillance.
  • Current regulatory oversight primarily focuses on conservation, with less emphasis on preventing disease introduction.
  • Further analysis is needed to prioritize health risk assessment questions related to wildlife trade.