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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia01:35

Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia

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Invadosome is a broad category of cell surface structures with proteolytic activity that  degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadosomes are present in normal cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and neurons, as well as tumor cells. Although the macrophage podosomes and tumor cell invadopodia are classified as invadosomes, they have different structures, molecular pathways, and functions. Podosomes are short structures that last for a few minutes. However,...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles01:16

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

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Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Hair strands originate at the epidermal penetration called the hair follicle. The hair shaft is the part...
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Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation

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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses
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Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses

Published on: June 13, 2018

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Mechanism of Dermatophytic Invasion.

V Ramesh

    Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    |February 9, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Dermatophytes invade skin by breaking down keratin using enzymes. This study explores their invasion mechanisms and highlights key questions regarding their behavior.

    Area of Science:

    • Mycology
    • Dermatology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Dermatophytes are fungi that cause superficial infections.
    • Understanding their invasion mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To discuss the mode of invasion by dermatophytes.
    • To present experimental evidence supporting enzymatic keratin breakdown.
    • To highlight unresolved questions regarding dermatophyte behavior.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on dermatophyte invasion.
    • Analysis of experimental studies investigating fungal enzymes.
    • Discussion of observed fungal behaviors in experimental settings.

    Main Results:

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    Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
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    Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

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    Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses
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    • Experimental data supports the hypothesis that dermatophytes utilize enzymes to degrade keratin.
    • Enzymatic breakdown is proposed as a primary mechanism for tissue invasion.

    Conclusions:

    • Enzymatic keratinolysis is a key factor in dermatophyte pathogenesis.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex behavior and invasion strategies of dermatophytes.