Microseconds, milliseconds and seconds: deconvoluting the dynamic behaviour of planar perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) are shown to behave as coupled ionic-electronic conductors with strong evidence that the ionic environment moderates both the rate of electron-hole recombination and the band offsets in planar PSC. Numerous models have been presented to explain the behaviour of perovskite solar cells, but to date no single model has emerged that can explain both the frequency and time dependent response of the devices. Here we present a straightforward coupled ionic-electronic model that can be used to explain the large amplitude transient behaviour and the impedance response of PSC.