Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Chemistry of Carbohydrates03:25

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

11.0K
11.0K
Chemistry of Carbohydrates03:25

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

92.3K
Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...
92.3K
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

14.7K
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
14.7K
Introduction to Carbohydrates01:34

Introduction to Carbohydrates

23.2K
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the body. They can be found in a wide variety of foods, including whole grains, fruit, and vegetables, in various forms, such as sugars, starch, and dietary fiber. Based on their structure, carbohydrates are classified into three main classes— monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The body's cells can only utilize simple...
23.2K
Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

44.7K
Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
44.7K
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

4.0K
Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
4.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Privateer for UCSF ChimeraX: Carbohydrate structure validation and visualization.

Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society·2026
Same author

Structure of a MenB de-N-acetyl polysialic acid antibody and mechanism of immune cell inhibition.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2026
Same author

Methods for detecting, building, and improving tryptophan mannosylation in glycoprotein structures.

Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society·2025
Same author

The future of integrated structural biology.

Structure (London, England : 1993)·2024
Same author

Post-translational modifications in the Protein Data Bank.

Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology·2024
Same author

NucleoFind: a deep-learning network for interpreting nucleic acid electron density.

Nucleic acids research·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
10:10

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

Published on: December 1, 2020

5.7K

Strategies for carbohydrate model building, refinement and validation.

Jon Agirre1

  • 1York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England.

Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Structural Biology
|February 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modeling complex sugars remains challenging for structural biologists. This article addresses difficulties in carbohydrate structure analysis, crucial for understanding glycoproteins and their biological roles.

Keywords:
carbohydratesconformationglycosylationrestraintsvalidation

More Related Videos

High-Throughput Metabolic Profiling for Model Refinements of Microalgae
11:07

High-Throughput Metabolic Profiling for Model Refinements of Microalgae

Published on: December 4, 2021

4.3K
Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing
06:15

Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing

Published on: August 13, 2020

11.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
10:10

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

Published on: December 1, 2020

5.7K
High-Throughput Metabolic Profiling for Model Refinements of Microalgae
11:07

High-Throughput Metabolic Profiling for Model Refinements of Microalgae

Published on: December 4, 2021

4.3K
Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing
06:15

Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing

Published on: August 13, 2020

11.1K

Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Glycoscience

Background:

  • Sugars (carbohydrates) are stereochemically complex biomolecules.
  • Current crystallographic software facilitates protein and nucleic acid modeling but not carbohydrates.
  • Advancements in experimental methods increase the need for specialized carbohydrate modeling tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight challenges in modeling and refining carbohydrate structures.
  • To provide problem-solving strategies for structural biologists working with carbohydrates.
  • To address the needs of analyzing protein-sugar complexes and glycoproteins.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of typical difficulties in carbohydrate structural analysis.
  • Focus on problem-solving within the resolution range of X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy.
  • Review of existing and needed carbohydrate-specific building and validation tools.

Main Results:

  • Carbohydrate modeling and refinement continue to be challenging despite some advances.
  • There is a persistent need for improved tools and methodologies for carbohydrate structure analysis.
  • The article aims to equip structural biologists with strategies to overcome these challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate modeling of carbohydrates is essential for understanding biological systems.
  • Specialized tools are required to meet the demands of analyzing complex carbohydrate structures.
  • Addressing these challenges will facilitate research in glycoscience and structural biology.