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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Quantification of Immunostained Caspase-9 in Retinal Tissue
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Caspase-9: structure, mechanisms and clinical application.

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  • 1Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.

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Caspase-9 is crucial for intrinsic apoptosis, a process vital for preventing cancer and developmental disorders. Understanding its activation and inhibition offers new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Caspase-9 is a key initiator caspase in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.
  • This pathway is triggered by various stimuli like chemotherapy, stress, and radiation.
  • Dysregulation of caspase-9 activation is linked to developmental disorders and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of caspase-9 activation and inhibition.
  • To explore clinical trials targeting caspase-9 for cancer suppression.
  • To provide insights into overcoming intrinsic apoptosis-related diseases, particularly cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent pertinent studies.
  • Analysis of molecular events in caspase-9 activation and inhibition.
  • Examination of ongoing clinical trials involving caspase-9.

Main Results:

  • Caspase-9 activation occurs on the apoptosome complex.
  • Homo-dimerization of monomeric zymogens is implicated in its catalytic status.
  • Numerous proteins and small molecules regulate caspase-9 activity.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of caspase-9 regulation is essential for disease intervention.
  • Targeting caspase-9 offers potential therapeutic avenues for cancer.
  • Further research is needed to develop effective solutions for apoptosis-related diseases.