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Related Concept Videos

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient01:17

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The extended Debye-Hückel equation indicates that the activity coefficient of an ion in an aqueous solution at 25°C depends on three partially interdependent properties: the ionic strength of the solution, the charge of the ion, and the ion size. 
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Social Loafing

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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Energy and Power Signals

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In an electrical system with a resistor, voltage and current signals facilitate the measurement of power and energy across the resistor. For a continuous-time signal, the total energy over a time interval is defined as the integral of the square of the signal's magnitude over that interval. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems
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Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems

Published on: July 30, 2019

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Energy and institution size.

Blair Fix1

  • 1York University, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Plos One
|February 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Institutions grow as energy consumption per capita increases, linking technological scale and human limits. This study explores the relationship between energy use and institutional size dynamics.

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Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems
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Area of Science:

  • Economics
  • Sociology
  • Systems Science

Background:

  • The growth of institutions remains a poorly understood phenomenon despite extensive research.
  • Existing theories lack consensus on the primary drivers of institutional expansion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel framework for understanding institutional growth.
  • To investigate the role of energy consumption in institutional scaling.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic analysis of the relationship between institution size and per capita energy consumption.
  • Development of a stochastic model to connect energy consumption with firm dynamics.

Main Results:

  • A clear, systematic correlation was identified between increased energy consumption per capita and larger institution sizes.
  • The study hypothesizes this relationship stems from the interaction of technological scaling and human biological constraints.

Conclusions:

  • Energy consumption is a key factor influencing institutional size and growth.
  • The proposed model offers a new perspective on organizational dynamics and scaling principles.