Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 7, 2026

The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis
Published on: July 11, 2013
Clear, Aqueous Topical Drop of Triamcinolone Acetonide
Hoang M Trinh1, Kishore Cholkar1,2, Mary Joseph1
1Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5258 Health Science Building, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, Missouri, 64108-2718, USA.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to develop a clear aqueous mixed nanomicellar formulation (NMF) of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) with a combination of nonionic surfactant hydrogenated castor oil 60 (HCO-60) and octoxynol-40 (Oc-40). In order to delineate the effects of drug-polymer interactions on entrapment efficiency (EE), loading efficiency (LE), and critical micellar concentration (CMC), a design of experiment (DOE) was performed to optimize the formulation. In this study, full-factorial design has been used with HCO-60 and OC-40 as independent variables. All formulations were prepared following solvent evaporation and film rehydration method, characterized with size, polydispersity, shape, morphology, EE, LE, and CMC. A specific blend of HCO-60 and Oc-40 at a particular wt% ratio (5:1.5) produced highest drug EE, LE, and smallest CMC (0.0216 wt%). Solubility of TA in NMF improved 20 times relative to normal aqueous solubility. Qualitative 1H NMR studies confirmed the absence of free drug in the outer aqueous NMF medium. Moreover, TA-loaded NMF appeared to be highly stable and well tolerated on human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) and human retinal pigment epithelial cells (D407 cells). Overall, these studies suggest that TA in NMF is safe and suitable for human topical ocular drop application.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems
Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids
ICS work through a multifaceted mechanism of action. They suppress the inflammatory response caused by the proliferation of TH cells. They also reduce the transcription of the IL-2 gene, which is involved in the...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

