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Related Concept Videos

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

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Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Natural Conjugative Plasmids in E. coli
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Lateral gene transfer between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Karsten B Sieber1, Robin E Bromley1, Julie C Dunning Hotopp2

  • 1Institute for Genome Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

Experimental Cell Research
|February 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lateral gene transfer (LGT), also known as horizontal gene transfer, describes DNA movement between organisms. Increasingly found between bacteria and complex life, LGT challenges traditional biological understanding.

Keywords:
Antibiotic resistanceGenomicsHorizontal gene transferLateral gene transferSerial endosymbiosis theory

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Lateral gene transfer (LGT), or horizontal gene transfer, is the movement of DNA between organisms.
  • While well-documented in bacteria, LGT between different domains of life is increasingly recognized.
  • This phenomenon challenges established biological paradigms regarding gene exchange.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the growing evidence and significance of inter-domain LGT.
  • To emphasize how LGT events, particularly between bacteria and multicellular organisms, reshape evolutionary understanding.
  • To underscore the importance of ongoing genomic sequencing for discovering new LGT events.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on LGT.
  • Analysis of newly sequenced genomes, including endosymbiont-colonized arthropods.
  • Comparative genomics to identify gene transfer events across diverse taxa.

Main Results:

  • Inter-domain LGTs are more frequent than previously assumed.
  • LGT between bacteria and complex multicellular organisms is a significant evolutionary force.
  • Genomic sequencing continuously reveals novel and ancient LGT events.

Conclusions:

  • LGT is a fundamental evolutionary mechanism impacting all domains of life.
  • The study of LGT necessitates a broader view of genetic exchange beyond vertical inheritance.
  • Future research, driven by advanced sequencing technologies, will further illuminate the scope and impact of LGT.