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No object with a finite mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This fact has an interesting consequence in the domain of extremely high gravitational fields.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System
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Critical Phenomena in Gravitational Collapse.

Carsten Gundlach1

  • 1Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.

Living Reviews in Relativity
|February 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Critical phenomena in general relativity reveal a simple yet structured black hole threshold. These universal power-law behaviors are explained by self-similar exact solutions acting as attractors.

Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • General Relativity
  • Black Hole Physics

Background:

  • The study of black hole formation in general relativity has revealed unexpected complexity.
  • Choptuik's discovery highlighted a 'black hole threshold' with intriguing properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and summarize the key features of black hole threshold phenomena.
  • To present extensions and applications of critical phenomena in general relativity.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing existing literature on critical phenomena and black hole formation.
  • Analyzing the role of exact solutions as attractors in phase space.
  • Exploring self-similar solutions and their implications.

Main Results:

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  • Universality and power-law scaling of black hole mass observed at the threshold.
  • Identification of exact, self-similar solutions as codimension-one attractors.
  • Demonstration of scale echoing as a characteristic feature.

Conclusions:

  • Critical phenomena provide a simple framework to understand complex black hole formation dynamics.
  • These phenomena offer insights into cosmic censorship and the generic evolution of spacetime.