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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

29
Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
29
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

20
Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.4K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Optimized Sealing Process and Real-Time Monitoring of Glass-to-Metal Seal Structures
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Optimized Sealing Process and Real-Time Monitoring of Glass-to-Metal Seal Structures

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Structure of glassy GeO2.

Philip S Salmon1, Adrian C Barnes, Richard A Martin

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|February 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Neutron diffraction reveals the structure of glassy germania (GeO2). This strong glass former exhibits two key length scales in its network, influencing its properties with increasing fragility.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Glassy germania (GeO2) is an archetypal strong glass former.
  • Understanding the pair correlations in GeO2 is crucial for materials science applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the nature of pair correlations in glassy GeO2.
  • To investigate the topological and chemical ordering in the GeO2 network.
  • To compare experimental results with molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Isotopic substitution in neutron diffraction.
  • High-energy X-ray diffraction.
  • Classical and first-principles molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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  • Accurate measurement of partial structure factors for glassy GeO2.
  • Identification of two characteristic length scales in the GeO2 network: intermediate and extended range order.
  • GeO2 network is built from corner-sharing Ge(O1/2)4 tetrahedra with a mean inter-tetrahedral Ge-O-Ge bond angle of 132(2)°.
  • Interplay between ordering length scales is dominated by extended range ordering with increasing glass fragility.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides detailed structural insights into glassy GeO2.
  • The findings contribute to understanding the structure-property relationships in tetrahedral network glasses.
  • Experimental results are consistent with molecular dynamics simulations, validating the models.