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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Trace elements during primordial plexiform network formation in human cerebral organoids.

Rafaela C Sartore1, Simone C Cardoso2, Yury V M Lages1

  • 1D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Peerj
|February 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers studied micronutrient distribution in human brain organoids, finding essential elements like iron and zinc are incorporated similarly to developing brains. This research offers insights into neurodevelopmental diseases and metal homeostasis.

Keywords:
Cerebral organoidsDevelopmentHuman pluripotent stem cellsNeurogenesisSR-XRFTrace elements

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Studying early human brain development is challenging due to limitations with animal models and adult post-mortem tissues.
  • Advances in stem cell biology allow for in vitro recapitulation of human telencephalon development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the incorporation and distribution of essential micronutrients in human cerebral organoids during early development.
  • To investigate elemental concentration gradients and interactions within developing brain organoids.

Main Methods:

  • Human pluripotent stem cells were differentiated into cerebral organoids.
  • Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence was employed to measure elemental composition and distribution.
  • Elemental concentrations and gradients were analyzed at different developmental time points (30-45 days).

Main Results:

  • Cerebral organoids incorporated key elements (P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Zn) consistent with human brain tissue.
  • Observed concentration gradients suggest active regulation of elemental transport across cell membranes.
  • Elemental pair analysis revealed changing interaction patterns during development, indicating time-dependent biological processes or compartmentalization.

Conclusions:

  • Micronutrient incorporation in human brain organoids mirrors that of developing human brains.
  • These findings highlight the importance of specific trace elements in neurodevelopment.
  • This model system can aid research into neurodevelopmental disorders linked to disrupted metal homeostasis.