Application of selected scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: a systematic review

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Regenerative Medicine
• Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

• Bone regeneration is critical for treating skeletal defects.
• Scaffolds, stem cells, and growth factors are key components in bone healing.
• Optimizing combinations of these elements is essential for successful outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review the efficacy of scaffolds, stem cells, and growth factors in bone regeneration.
• To evaluate animal and clinical studies on combined regenerative approaches.
• To inform reconstructive surgeons on enhancing bone healing.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature search (PRISMA guidelines) in PubMed and PMC (1970-2015).
• Inclusion of in vivo studies on bone healing/regeneration using various scaffolds (e.g., allograft, beta-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite) and growth factors.
• Analysis of studies combining scaffolds with stem cells and growth factors.

Main Results:

• The highest bone regeneration was achieved using scaffolds, mesenchymal stem cells, and growth factors together.
• Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were the most studied stem cells.
• Beta-tricalcium phosphate was the most frequently used scaffold, and platelet-rich plasma was the most common growth factor.

Conclusions:

• Combinations of mesenchymal stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors significantly enhance bone regeneration.
• This review provides evidence-based guidance for reconstructive surgeons.
• Optimized use of these regenerative components leads to superior bone healing outcomes.