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Related Concept Videos

Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
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Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
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In Vitro Fertilization01:24

In Vitro Fertilization

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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Model Surgical Training: Skills Acquisition in Fetoscopic Laser Photocoagulation of Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Placenta Using Realistic Simulators
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Conjoined twins: From conception to separation, a review.

Asma Mian1, Nader Ishak Gabra1, Tanuj Sharma1

  • 1Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.

Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.)
|February 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Conjoined twins result from abnormal embryonic development, with a 3:1 female predominance. Surgical separation is complex, requiring careful planning due to shared organs, especially the heart.

Keywords:
Siamese twinscephalopaguscraniopagusembryogenesisischiopagusomphalopagusparapaguspygopagusrachipagusthoracopagus

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Area of Science:

  • Embryology
  • Medical Anatomy
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • Conjoined twins, a rare congenital anomaly, arise from incomplete embryonic fission or fusion.
  • The incidence is approximately 1 in 200,000 live births, with a 3:1 female predilection.

Observation:

  • Classification of conjoined twins is based on the site of anatomical attachment.
  • The degree of shared organ systems, particularly the heart, dictates surgical feasibility and patient prognosis.

Findings:

  • Successful separation hinges on meticulous preoperative evaluation, detailed surgical planning, and team preparedness.
  • The complexity of conjoined twin separation involves significant technical, ethical, and legal considerations.

Implications:

  • Understanding embryogenesis is key to preventing conjoined twin formation.
  • Advances in surgical techniques and multidisciplinary care improve outcomes for conjoined twins.
  • Ethical frameworks are essential for managing complex separation cases.