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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Speaking Tongues Are Actively Braced.

Bryan Gick1, Blake Allen1, François Roewer-Després2

  • 1Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR
|February 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tongue bracing against teeth and palate is a constant, active posture in speech, not just occasional contact. This finding is crucial for understanding tongue movement control during natural speech production.

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Speech Science
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Tongue bracing has been discussed regarding biomechanics, somatosensation, and aeroacoustics.
  • Previous research often viewed bracing as occasional contact, specific to certain sounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pervasiveness and effortfulness of tongue bracing in continuous English speech.
  • To challenge the notion of bracing as an occasional phonetic state.

Main Methods:

  • Electropalatography was used to record tongue contact during speech.
  • 3-D biomechanical simulations were employed to analyze tongue posture and muscle activation.

Main Results:

  • The tongue maintains continuous contact with upper molars during speech, with rare exceptions.
  • Biomechanical simulations confirm lateral tongue bracing as an active posture requiring muscle activation.
  • Loss of lateral contact is compensated by other tongue contacts or pharyngeal bracing.

Conclusions:

  • Tongue bracing is a pervasive and active component of running speech.
  • Understanding tongue bracing is essential for comprehending tongue movement control in speech production.