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Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
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Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
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Preschool Needle Pain Responding: Establishing 'Normal'.

Jordana A Waxman1, Miranda G DiLorenzo1, Rebecca R Pillai Riddell2

  • 1Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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A significant minority of preschoolers show poor pain regulation during vaccinations. Pain responses in infancy do not predict preschooler pain regulation, highlighting developmental changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric pain research
  • Child psychology
  • Developmental science

Background:

  • Vaccination pain is a common and distressing experience for young children.
  • Understanding pain response patterns in early childhood is crucial for developing effective interventions.
  • Previous research has not fully characterized longitudinal pain responses from infancy to preschool age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe pain response patterns in preschoolers during vaccinations.
  • To examine the longitudinal relationships of pain responding from infancy to preschool age.
  • To identify subgroups of children with distinct pain response trajectories.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal cohort study (Opportunities to Understand Childhood Hurt [OUCH] cohort, N=302).
  • Growth mixture modeling to identify preschooler pain response subgroups.
  • Parallel-process growth curve modeling to assess longitudinal stability of pain responding.

Main Results:

  • Three distinct groups of preschoolers based on pain response patterns were identified.
  • A notable minority (25%) showed suboptimal pain regulation by 2 minutes post-vaccination.
  • No significant associations were found between pain responses at 12 months and preschool age.

Conclusions:

  • Preschool vaccination pain responses exhibit significant variability and developmental shifts from infancy.
  • A substantial proportion of preschoolers exhibit concerning pain regulation difficulties.
  • These findings underscore the need for targeted strategies to manage vaccination pain in early childhood.