Neural tube closure: cellular, molecular and biomechanical mechanisms

Area of Science:

• Developmental biology
• Embryogenesis
• Morphogenesis

Background:

• Neural tube closure, or neurulation, is a fundamental process in vertebrate embryonic development.
• Failure of neural tube closure leads to severe congenital malformations known as neural tube defects.
• Decades of research have explored the cellular, molecular, and genetic underpinnings of this process.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the cellular, molecular, and biomechanical mechanisms governing neural tube closure.
• To highlight recent advances in understanding neurulation across vertebrate species.
• To provide a comprehensive overview for researchers in developmental biology and teratology.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on neural tube closure in various vertebrate models.
• Synthesis of findings on cellular events like convergent extension and apical constriction.
• Integration of data on molecular pathways including Wnt/planar cell polarity and Shh/BMP signaling.

Main Results:

• Neural tube closure involves intricate cellular dynamics and precise molecular regulation.
• Key molecular players include transcription factors such as Grhl2/3, Pax3, Cdx2, and Zic2.
• Emerging evidence highlights the significant role of biomechanical forces in shaping the neural tube.

Conclusions:

• A multidisciplinary approach integrating cellular, molecular, and biomechanical perspectives is crucial for a complete understanding of neural tube closure.
• Continued research into these mechanisms offers potential for preventing and treating neural tube defects.
• This review consolidates current knowledge, emphasizing recent breakthroughs in the field.