Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

2.3K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
2.3K
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

14.9K
Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
14.9K
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

28.4K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
28.4K
siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

18.9K
Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
18.9K
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

1.2K
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
1.2K
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

8.1K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
8.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A potential RNA-RNA distal interaction competing with a functional pseudoknot in the 3'-untranslated region of SARS-like coronaviruses.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

Development and characterization of mouse-adapted recombinant SARS-CoV-2 expressing reporter genes.

Microbiology spectrum·2026
Same author

Characterization of an immunocompetent, young adult mouse model for studying chikungunya virus neuroinvasion and central nervous system infection.

PLoS pathogens·2026
Same author

Substrate and target selectivity of 4'-fluoroadenosine against viral and host polymerases.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2026
Same author

RNA Folding Energy of Long-Range Genomic Interactions Regulates Discontinuous Transcription in SARS-CoV-2.

Viruses·2026
Same author

Continuous <i>in silico</i> screening of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds expands the diversity of bornavirids and reveals unexpected genomic architectures.

Virus evolution·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
10:00

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Published on: March 24, 2015

13.9K

Avian Interferons and Their Antiviral Effectors.

Diwakar Santhakumar1, Dennis Rubbenstroth2, Luis Martinez-Sobrido3

  • 1The Pirbright Institute , Woking , UK.

Frontiers in Immunology
|February 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Avian interferon (IFN) responses, involving IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), provide crucial antiviral defense. Chickens uniquely mount immune responses without key IFN pathway components, offering therapeutic targets for viral diseases.

Keywords:
antiviralsavianinnate immunityinterferon-stimulated genesinterferonsviruses

More Related Videos

Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA
10:55

Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA

Published on: October 11, 2013

20.4K
Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;
08:26

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-α

Published on: June 14, 2018

12.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
10:00

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Published on: March 24, 2015

13.9K
Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA
10:55

Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA

Published on: October 11, 2013

20.4K
Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;
08:26

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-α

Published on: June 14, 2018

12.6K

Area of Science:

  • * Immunology
  • * Virology
  • * Avian biology

Background:

  • * Interferon (IFN) responses and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are critical innate immune mechanisms against viral infections in mammals.
  • * While mammalian IFN systems are well-characterized, research into avian IFNs is expanding.
  • * Three types of IFNs have been identified in avian species, similar to mammals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review recent advancements in understanding avian IFN and ISG roles in antiviral defense.
  • * To highlight the unique properties of the chicken IFN system, particularly its ability to respond to stimuli without certain canonical IFN pathway components.
  • * To identify potential therapeutic targets for veterinary and zoonotic viral diseases.

Main Methods:

  • * This is a review article, synthesizing existing research on avian interferons and antiviral responses.
  • * It analyzes genetic and functional data related to avian IFN pathways and ISGs.
  • * Comparative analysis between mammalian and avian IFN systems is discussed.

Main Results:

  • * Avian IFNs and ISGs establish a robust antiviral state in birds.
  • * Chickens exhibit unique innate immune responses, lacking key components like retinoic acid-inducible gene I, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and potentially IRF9.
  • * These unique chicken immune mechanisms present novel avenues for therapeutic development.

Conclusions:

  • * Understanding the distinct avian IFN system, especially in chickens, is vital for advancing antiviral strategies.
  • * The identified unique properties of the chicken IFN pathway offer promising targets for developing broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
  • * Further research into avian IFN effectors can lead to significant breakthroughs in combating viral infections in birds and potentially humans.