Metformin as a cellular protector; a synoptic view of modern evidences

Area of Science:

• Pharmacology
• Endocrinology
• Cell Biology

Background:

• Metformin, a biguanide, was historically considered a risky treatment for type 2 diabetes due to limited understanding of its effects.
• Extensive clinical use and research have reshaped this perception, highlighting metformin's safety profile.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a concise overview of recent evidence supporting metformin's cellular protective role.
• To explore mechanistic hypotheses behind metformin's pleiotropic effects.
• To discuss potential future therapeutic applications beyond diabetes.

Main Methods:

• Mini-review of accumulated scientific literature.
• Analysis of data from various organs and cell types.
• Examination of mechanistic hypotheses regarding drug action.

Main Results:

• Evidence suggests metformin is relatively harmless and acts as a cellular protector.
• Data indicate protective effects in the kidney and other organs/cell types.
• Metformin exhibits pleiotropic behavior with potential for new applications.

Conclusions:

• Metformin's reputation has shifted from risky to a beneficial cellular protector.
• Further research is needed to fully elucidate metformin's complex mechanisms and therapeutic potential.
• The drug shows promise for novel applications in various medical fields.