Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

13.3K
According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
13.3K
π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

12.3K
Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
12.3K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

68.8K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
68.8K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

49.9K
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
49.9K
Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview01:06

Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview

1.0K
Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
1.0K
VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes02:52

VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes

86.6K
Overview of VSEPR Theory
86.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Room-temperature two-dimensional multiferroic metal with voltage-controllable magnetic order.

Nature materials·2026
Same author

Dualistic insulator states in 1T-TaS<sub>2</sub> crystals.

Nature communications·2024
Same author

Stacking engineering in layered homostructures: transitioning from 2D to 3D architectures.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2024
Same author

Tuning Chirality of Self-Assembled PTCDA Molecules on a Au(111) Surface by Na Coordination.

ACS nano·2023
Same author

Ferromagnetic single-atom spin catalyst for boosting water splitting.

Nature nanotechnology·2023
Same author

The supramolecular structure and van der Waals interactions affect the electronic structure of ferrocenyl-alkanethiolate SAMs on gold and silver electrodes.

Nanoscale advances·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
08:12

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Published on: September 8, 2017

10.2K

Interfacial electronic structures revealed at the rubrene/CH3NH3PbI3 interface.

Gengwu Ji1, Guanhaojie Zheng1, Bin Zhao2

  • 1Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China. gaoxingyu@sinap.ac.cn and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|February 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Rubrene thin films on perovskite solar cells show weak interactions and favorable energy level alignment for efficient hole extraction. This suggests rubrene is a promising material for high-performance perovskite solar cells.

More Related Videos

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
09:43

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

9.9K
Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
08:30

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Published on: March 19, 2017

17.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
08:12

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Published on: September 8, 2017

10.2K
Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
09:43

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

9.9K
Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
08:30

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Published on: March 19, 2017

17.3K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising photovoltaic technology.
  • Efficient charge extraction and transport layers are crucial for PSC performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the electronic structure of rubrene films on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite.
  • Determine the interfacial properties and energy level alignment.
  • Evaluate rubrene as a hole transport layer (HTL) in PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • In situ ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS).
  • In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
  • Fabrication and characterization of inverted planar solar cell devices.

Main Results:

  • Weak interaction between rubrene molecules and the perovskite substrate.
  • Identified band bending at the rubrene/perovskite interface (downward on rubrene, upward on perovskite).
  • Achieved a small highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-valence band maximum (VBM) offset (~0.1 eV) favoring hole extraction.
  • Achieved a large lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)-conduction band minimum (CBM) offset (~1.4 eV) blocking electron transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Rubrene exhibits favorable electronic properties for hole extraction in PSCs.
  • Rubrene-based devices demonstrate high power conversion efficiencies (up to 13.52% with PEDOT:PSS).
  • Rubrene thin films are a promising HTL material for efficient perovskite solar cells.