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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Inducing Post-Traumatic Epilepsy in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury
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Post-stroke epilepsy.

Tomotaka Tanaka1, Masafumi Ihara1

  • 1Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.

Neurochemistry International
|February 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) is a common complication after stroke. This review examines the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of PSE, highlighting limited therapeutic options and the need for effective prevention strategies.

Keywords:
Blood brain barrierEarly seizureEpileptogenesisLate seizurePost stroke epilepsyPost stroke seizure

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology
  • Stroke Medicine

Background:

  • Post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) is a frequent complication following a stroke.
  • Current treatment strategies for PSE are limited, posing challenges for patient management.
  • The efficacy of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for both primary and secondary prevention of PSE requires further clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of PSE, encompassing its epidemiology, diagnosis, and underlying mechanisms.
  • To identify and evaluate the risk factors associated with the development of PSE.
  • To discuss existing and potential treatment options for PSE, focusing on prevention of seizure recurrence.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and case reports on PSE.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and neurobiological mechanisms implicated in PSE.
  • Evaluation of the evidence base for various AEDs used in PSE management.

Main Results:

  • PSE affects a significant proportion of stroke survivors, with varying incidence rates globally.
  • Several risk factors, including stroke type, location, and severity, are associated with increased PSE risk.
  • Limited evidence supports the routine use of AEDs for primary prevention; efficacy for secondary prevention varies among agents.

Conclusions:

  • PSE represents a significant unmet need in stroke care, necessitating further research into effective preventative and therapeutic interventions.
  • A comprehensive understanding of PSE's epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology is crucial for developing targeted treatment strategies.
  • Further clinical trials are required to establish optimal AED regimens for PSE, balancing efficacy with potential side effects.