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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline
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Deciphering the RAS/ERK pathway in vivo.

Coralie Dorard1, Georg Vucak1, Manuela Baccarini2

  • 1Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|February 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Genetically engineered mouse models have significantly advanced the understanding of the RAS/ERK pathway, revealing novel biological roles and therapeutic targets for human diseases like cancer.

Keywords:
cancerdevelopmental biologyextracellular signal-regulated kinases

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The RAS/ERK pathway is crucial in cellular processes and frequently dysregulated in human cancers.
  • Mutations in RAS/ERK pathway components drive cancer in approximately one-third of cases.
  • The pathway is a validated target for pharmacological interventions, with several inhibitors in clinical use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the significant contributions of genetically engineered mouse models to understanding the RAS/ERK signaling pathway.
  • To highlight how mouse models have elucidated complex biological roles and interactions within the pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature focusing on genetically engineered mouse models.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the RAS/ERK pathway in development, homeostasis, and disease using mouse models.

Main Results:

  • Mouse models have identified unique biological functions of similar proteins within the RAS/ERK pathway.
  • These models have uncovered novel kinase-independent effectors and unexpected cross-talk with other signaling cascades.
  • Insights into the pathway's role in cancer development and progression have been gained.

Conclusions:

  • Genetically engineered mouse models are indispensable tools for dissecting complex signaling pathways like RAS/ERK.
  • These models provide critical insights into pathway mechanisms, offering potential for new therapeutic strategies in cancer and other diseases.