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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

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Genotype-Specific Evolution of Hepatitis E Virus.

Adam B Brayne1, Bethany L Dearlove1, James S Lester1

  • 1University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Journal of Virology
|February 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) evolution differs between human-only (genotype 1) and zoonotic (genotypes 3 and 4) strains. Zoonotic HEV shows faster evolution and host-jumping, possibly due to adaptation cycles.

Keywords:
evolutionevolutionary biologygenotypic identificationhepatitis E viruspositive selection

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a global cause of acute viral hepatitis, with four genotypes exhibiting distinct host ranges and distributions.
  • HEV affects both developing and developed nations, posing risks, particularly to pregnant women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of zoonotic HEV genotypes (3 and 4) in comparison to human-specific genotype 1.
  • To identify genomic regions under positive selection and their potential role in host-pathogen interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 244 near-full-length HEV genomes.
  • Calculation of genome-wide nonsynonymous to synonymous (dN/dS) evolutionary change ratios.
  • Bayesian inference of evolutionary rates and phylogenetic reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • A region of overlapping reading frames, involved in host-pathogen interaction, is under positive selection in HEV genotypes 3 and 4.
  • Zoonotic HEV genotypes 3 and 4 exhibit significantly higher evolutionary rates across all open reading frames compared to genotype 1.
  • Phylogenetic analysis reveals significant intermingling of isolates between hosts for zoonotic genotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Genotype-specific evolutionary differences in HEV may arise from cyclical adaptation to diverse hosts in genotypes 3 and 4.
  • The identified region of positive selection in zoonotic HEV warrants further investigation for its role in fitness and host adaptation.
  • HEV evolution is shaped by host range, with zoonotic strains demonstrating greater adaptability and faster evolutionary rates.