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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts
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Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts

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Solar to fuels conversion technologies: a perspective.

Harry L Tuller1,2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Materials Processing Center, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.

Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy
|February 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Harnessing solar energy for fuel production is crucial for meeting future energy demands and reducing emissions. This review explores solar refinery concepts and conversion processes for creating sustainable fuels from CO2 and water.

Keywords:
CO2 sequestrationElectrolysisFuel cellHydrogen economyPhotoelectrochemistrySolar energySolar fuelsThermochemical processes

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Area of Science:

  • Renewable Energy Technologies
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Sustainable Fuels

Background:

  • Growing global energy demands necessitate large-scale renewable power generation.
  • Solar energy is pivotal, but current focus on photovoltaics (PV) for electricity generation is insufficient for total energy needs.
  • Replacing fossil fuels requires transportable and storable clean alternatives, highlighting the need for solar-to-fuel conversion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the solar refinery concept for converting CO2 and H2O into fuels using solar energy.
  • To examine key solar-to-fuel conversion processes.
  • To discuss recent advances and challenges in scaling these technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the solar refinery concept, utilizing solar radiation for heat, electricity, or photons.
  • Analysis of conversion processes: combined PV and electrolysis, photoelectrochemical electrolysis, and thermochemical processes.
  • Focus on converting water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) into hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO).

Main Results:

  • Solar refinery concept offers a pathway to produce fuels from CO2 and H2O.
  • Key processes identified for solar-to-fuel conversion include PV-electrolysis, photoelectrochemical electrolysis, and thermochemical methods.
  • Advances in solar-to-fuel technologies are noted, alongside significant challenges for large-scale implementation.

Conclusions:

  • Solar-to-fuel conversion is essential for a sustainable energy future, complementing solar electricity generation.
  • Intensive research and development are required to overcome challenges and scale up solar fuel production.
  • The reviewed processes provide a foundation for developing cleaner, transportable, and storable energy alternatives.