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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
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HIV Prevention: Opportunities and Challenges.

Jeanne M Marrazzo1

  • 1University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.

Topics in Antiviral Medicine
|February 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in preventing HIV infection, with efficacy depending on adherence. Studies show high efficacy in men who have sex with men and moderate efficacy in women using a dapivirine vaginal ring.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based regimens demonstrates efficacy in preventing HIV acquisition.
  • Treatment adherence is a critical factor influencing the protective efficacy of PrEP.
  • Previous studies like PROUD and IPERGAY highlighted high efficacy rates for TDF/emtricitabine-based PrEP in men who have sex with men.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on PrEP efficacy and ongoing research into novel PrEP modalities.
  • To review findings from key clinical trials investigating PrEP effectiveness in diverse populations.
  • To highlight advancements in HIV prevention strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of data from the PROUD and IPERGAY studies on oral PrEP efficacy.

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  • Analysis of results from the ASPIRE study evaluating a dapivirine vaginal ring for women.
  • Summary of ongoing research into long-acting PrEP and combination products.

    • Main Results:

    • High protective efficacy of TDF/emtricitabine-based PrEP observed in men who have sex with men.
    • Moderate protective efficacy demonstrated by the dapivirine vaginal ring in women over 21 years.
    • Ongoing research focuses on long-acting formulations and combined PrEP/contraception.

    Conclusions:

    • PrEP, including oral and insertable forms, offers significant potential for HIV prevention.
    • Adherence remains a key determinant of PrEP effectiveness across different modalities.
    • Future research is exploring innovative delivery systems for enhanced PrEP accessibility and adherence.