Neoplastic leptomeningeal disease masquerading as central serous retinopathy. A case report

A 69-year-old man became aware of people's speech being out of synch with their lip movements alongside persistent headaches, both of which progressively worsened. A few weeks later, he developed progressive and painless visual loss in one eye. Initial neurological evaluation, inflammatory markers and head computed tomography scan were normal. Ophthalmological examination and OCT scan revealed right macular subretinal fluid with choroidal indentation, which prompted urgent further investigations including head MRI revealing extensive leptomeningeal disease. The patient continued to deteriorate and deceased shortly afterwards. This is the first reported case of neoplastic leptomeningeal disease presenting with loss of vision due to choroidal metastasis with localised exudative retinal detachment. Diagnosing neoplastic leptomeningeal disease requires a high index of suspicion from the treating physician. Symptoms may be nonspecific and/or subtle. Combining cerebrospinal fluid cytology from lumbar puncture with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is considered the optimal diagnostic approach.