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Related Concept Videos

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Laser Capture Microdissection of Highly Pure Trabecular Meshwork from Mouse Eyes for Gene Expression Analysis
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Epigenetics and Signaling Pathways in Glaucoma.

Angela C Gauthier1, Ji Liu1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.

Biomed Research International
|February 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, involves aging, genetics, and epigenetics. Targeting specific molecular pathways offers potential new therapies to preserve vision and retinal neurons.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Glaucoma is a primary cause of irreversible blindness globally, increasing with age.
  • Genetic and environmental factors contribute to glaucoma risk.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms are emerging as significant factors in glaucoma pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted etiology of glaucoma, including genetic, environmental, and epigenetic influences.
  • To identify key molecular pathways implicated in glaucoma.
  • To evaluate novel therapeutic targets for glaucoma treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on glaucoma.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways involved in retinal neurodegeneration and ocular fibrosis.
  • Examination of preliminary data from therapeutic interventions in preclinical and clinical studies.

Main Results:

  • Glaucoma pathogenesis involves complex interactions affecting proapoptotic and neuroprotective factors.
  • Key pathways include TGF-β, MAP kinase, Rho kinase, BDNF, JNK, PI-3/Akt, PTEN, Bcl-2, Caspase, and Calcium-Calpain signaling.
  • Fibrosis in the trabecular meshwork contributes to impaired aqueous humor drainage.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging epigenetic factors present novel therapeutic targets for glaucoma.
  • Targeting identified molecular pathways shows promise in preserving retinal neurons and vision.
  • Novel agents demonstrate potential for future glaucoma management strategies.