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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels slightly increase rather than decrease after a glucose load in subjects with

Hang Su1, Xiaojing Ma1, Jun Yin1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.

Acta Diabetologica
|February 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) levels slightly increase after a glucose load, contrary to expectations for diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. This acute rise, influenced by factors like body weight, offers new insights into glucose metabolism.

Keywords:
1,5-AnhydroglucitolInsulinOral glucose tolerance testPlasma glucose

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is known to decrease in diabetes mellitus (DM).
  • The acute response of 1,5-AG to glucose loading in individuals with varying glucose tolerance remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate acute changes in serum 1,5-AG levels following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
  • To identify factors influencing these acute 1,5-AG level changes.
  • To compare the acute 1,5-AG response between individuals with and without DM.

Main Methods:

  • An oral glucose tolerance test was administered to 681 participants (328 with DM, 353 without DM).
  • Plasma glucose, serum insulin, and serum 1,5-AG levels were measured at fasting and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes post-glucose load.
  • Regression analysis was used to assess associations between 1,5-AG changes and influencing factors like body weight.

Main Results:

  • Serum 1,5-AG levels showed a slight increase after glucose loading, peaking at 120 minutes in all groups (P < 0.05).
  • Body weight was negatively associated with the change in 1,5-AG levels (Δ1,5-AG) (β = -0.119, P < 0.01).
  • A strong positive association was observed between baseline 1,5-AG (1,5-AG₀) and Δ1,5-AG (β = 0.376, P < 0.01).
  • The ratio of Δ1,5-AG to 1,5-AG₀ was higher in DM patients (7.3%) compared to non-DM individuals (6.2%).

Conclusions:

  • Serum 1,5-AG levels exhibit a modest acute increase (6-7%) post-glucose load, contrasting with established findings of chronic hyperglycemia.
  • The acute 1,5-AG response is influenced by baseline levels and body weight.
  • Further research into 1,5-AG transport mechanisms is warranted to elucidate the underlying metabolic pathways.