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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Reprogramming cell fates by small molecules.

Xiaojie Ma1, Linghao Kong1, Saiyong Zhu2

  • 1Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.

Protein & Cell
|February 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small molecules offer a non-viral method to reprogram cell fates, generating stem cells and specific cell types for regenerative medicine and disease treatment. This chemical reprogramming holds promise for in vivo repair and regeneration.

Keywords:
cell fatesreprogrammingsmall moleculesstem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular plasticity and regenerative medicine.
  • Biotechnology and therapeutic development.

Background:

  • Cell fate reprogramming has been revolutionized by transcription factors and microRNAs.
  • Recent advancements focus on non-viral, non-integrating chemical approaches for cell reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review chemical approaches for generating induced pluripotent stem cells and specific differentiated cell types.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of small molecule-driven cell reprogramming in vitro and in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on small molecule-mediated chemical reprogramming.
  • Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, neurons, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic beta cells.

Main Results:

  • Small molecules provide a versatile platform for generating diverse cell types.
  • Chemical reprogramming enables in vitro applications like disease modeling and cell transplantation.
  • Potential for in vivo regeneration and repair by stimulating endogenous cells.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical reprogramming using small molecules is a rapidly advancing field.
  • This approach offers significant promise for treating diseases, injuries, and aging.
  • Small molecules are key to achieving regenerative medicine goals and therapeutic innovation.