Modulating the function of the immune system by thyroid hormones and thyrotropin

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Neuroendocrinology
• Endocrinology

Background:

• The neuroendocrine and immune systems exhibit complex bidirectional communication.
• Thyroid hormones (THs) modulate various immune cell functions, including monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
• These interactions are implicated in inflammatory and infectious conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the effects of THs and TSH on the immune system.
• To explore their role in inflammation and pathogen clearance.
• To examine the impact of thyroid pathologies on immune function.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies investigating the neuroendocrine-immune axis.
• Analysis of research on TH and TSH effects on immune cells and processes.
• Examination of clinical data related to thyroid disorders and immune responses.

Main Results:

• THs influence immune cell chemotaxis, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species generation, and cytokine production.
• Dysregulation of the thyroid-immune axis contributes to sepsis, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections.
• TH therapy may restore physiological functions during these conditions.

Conclusions:

• The interplay between thyroid hormones and the immune system is critical for maintaining homeostasis.
• Therapeutic interventions targeting the thyroid axis hold potential for managing immune-related disorders.
• Further research is warranted to fully elucidate these complex interactions.