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Related Concept Videos

The DNA Replication Fork01:02

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System
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Spatial and Temporal Control of Evolution through Replication-Transcription Conflicts.

Houra Merrikh1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Health Sciences Building - J-wing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

Trends in Microbiology
|February 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells can accelerate evolution by increasing mutation rates in specific genes. This rapid evolution is driven by DNA replication and transcription machinery interactions, specifically in lagging-strand genes, allowing targeted gene evolution.

Keywords:
EvolutionEvolution of evolvabilityGenome organizationLagging-strand genesMutagenesisReplication–transcription conflictsTC-NER

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Organisms may accelerate evolution by selectively increasing mutation rates in genes under positive selection.
  • A newly discovered cellular mechanism enables targeted rapid evolution of specific genes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on a mechanism that targets rapid evolution to specific genes.
  • To discuss the implications of actively increasing mutagenesis rates and accelerating evolution.

Main Methods:

  • The study focuses on gene orientation-dependent encounters between DNA replication and transcription.
  • Analysis of mutagenesis in lagging-strand genes where replication-transcription conflicts are severe.

Main Results:

  • Replication-transcription conflicts increase mutagenesis in specific genomic locations.
  • This conflict-driven mutagenesis is dependent on gene orientation and transcription.

Conclusions:

  • Cells can spatially and temporally regulate gene evolution rates through conflict-driven mutagenesis.
  • This mechanism offers a way to actively control and accelerate evolutionary processes.