Physicians of colonial India (1757-1900)

Area of Science:

• History of Medicine
• Medical Sociology
• Colonial Studies

Background:

• British rule in India (1757-1900) introduced significant sociopolitical changes and scientific advancements.
• The role of Western medicine as a tool for colonial expansion and legitimization is a subject of historical debate.
• The period witnessed a transformation in India's medical landscape, affecting systems, institutions, and practitioners.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review secondary literature on the impact of British rule on medical systems in India.
• To analyze the rise of Western medicine ('Doctory') and its influence on indigenous practices and practitioners.
• To examine the evolving roles and perceptions of Indian physicians (vaidyas, hakims) and European doctors.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of secondary sources focusing on the period of British rule in India (1757-1900).
• Analysis of historical debates regarding the use of Western medicine as a colonial tool.
• Emphasis on the experiences and interactions of individual physicians within the changing medical environment.

Main Results:

• Western medicine gained prominence, supported by the British administration and Western-educated Indians.
• Indigenous medical practitioners (vaidyas, hakims) experienced a decline in prestige as Western medicine was promoted as 'superior'.
• Some traditional practitioners adapted Western methods, while others defended their systems; European doctors focused on research.

Conclusions:

• Colonial policies led to the marginalization of indigenous Indian medical systems.
• Western medicine became entrenched, with Indian practitioners often relegated to subordinate roles.
• The period established a foundation for modern medical practice in India, influenced by colonial power dynamics.