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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

657
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
657
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
307
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

511
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
511
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

504
Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
504
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

958
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
958
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

382
AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
382

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Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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The association between bacteria and urinary stones.

Andrew L Schwaderer1, Alan J Wolfe2

  • 1The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, OH, USA;; Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.

Annals of Translational Medicine
|February 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Bacteria may play a role in the development of common urinary stones, not just struvite stones. Further research is needed to understand if bacteria are a cause or simply present in calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones.

Keywords:
Urinary tract infection (UTI)kidney stonesmicrobiome

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Urinary stone disease (USD) is a growing health concern affecting both children and adults.
  • While bacteria are known to cause struvite stones, their role in calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaPhos) stone formation is less understood.
  • Increased urinary tract infections (UTIs) in stone patients and culture-positive stones suggest a potential link between bacteria and common stone types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between bacteria and the formation of urinary stones, particularly CaOx and CaPhos stones.
  • To explore the potential mechanisms by which bacteria might influence urinary stone development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized next-generation sequencing to detect bacterial DNA within urinary stones.
  • Analyzed bacterial DNA from five urinary stones, including those composed of CaOx and CaPhos.
  • Explored bacterial interactions with crystals and stone matrix proteins.

Main Results:

  • Sequencing identified multiple types of bacterial DNA within the analyzed urinary stones.
  • Observed that bacteria selectively aggregate to crystals, promoting crystal clumping.
  • Found that bacteria stimulate the incorporation of proteins into the stone matrix.

Conclusions:

  • Bacteria may be involved in the pathogenesis of common urinary stones (CaOx, CaPhos), beyond their established role in struvite stones.
  • The precise role of bacteria (causal, modifying, or passive) in urinary stone disease requires further investigation.
  • Emerging evidence suggests bacteria influence stone formation through crystal aggregation and matrix protein incorporation.