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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

738
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
37.6K
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

18.8K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

A Fast and Reliable Pipeline for Bacterial Transcriptome Analysis Case study: Serine-dependent Gene Regulation in Streptococcus pneumoniae
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A Fast and Reliable Pipeline for Bacterial Transcriptome Analysis Case study: Serine-dependent Gene Regulation in Streptococcus pneumoniae

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Transcriptome-Level Signatures in Gene Expression and Gene Expression Variability during Bacterial Adaptive

Keesha E Erickson1, Peter B Otoupal1, Anushree Chatterjee2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.

Msphere
|February 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Bacteria adapt to antibiotics through complex gene expression changes. This study identifies key genes and pathways involved in this adaptive resistance, offering potential strategies to prolong antibiotic effectiveness.

Keywords:
CRISPR-Cas9adaptive resistancedifferential gene expressiongene expression variabilitytranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Molecular Biology
  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Public Health and Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance is a major global health threat, driven by bacteria's ability to adapt to treatments.
  • Bacterial adaptation involves significant heterogeneity in gene expression, complicating the identification of key regulatory mechanisms.
  • Understanding adaptive resistance is crucial for developing strategies to combat the diminishing effectiveness of antibiotics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulation of adaptive resistance in *Escherichia coli* by analyzing transcriptome profiles under various stress conditions.
  • To identify key genes and pathways involved in bacterial adaptation to toxins, including antibiotics and biofuels.
  • To explore novel analysis techniques for pinpointing regulators of bacterial adaptation by examining gene expression variability.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptome profiling of *Escherichia coli* exposed to antibiotics and biofuels.
  • Conventional gene expression analysis and a novel method assessing differential gene expression variability.
  • Synthetic perturbation of gene expression using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-dCas9 technology for validation.

Main Results:

  • Identification of conserved genes associated with cell motility, metabolism, membrane transport, and unknown functions.
  • Demonstration that manipulation of specific genes enhances adaptive resistance, increasing antibiotic tolerance and MIC heterogeneity.
  • Evidence that differentially variable genes impact metabolic rates, mutation rates, and bacterial motility.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial adaptive resistance involves complex nongenetic responses, including shifts in gene expression and its variability.
  • Identified genes and pathways represent potential targets for strategies aimed at impeding adaptive resistance.
  • This research provides insights into prolonging the efficacy of antibiotic treatments by understanding bacterial adaptation mechanisms.