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Related Concept Videos

Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

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A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...
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Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Unrealistic Optimism Bias01:30

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Unrealistic optimism bias is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes. This cognitive bias makes individuals believe they are less likely to experience failures, setbacks, or risks and more likely to succeed than others. For example, people may assume they are less prone to health issues, accidents, or financial struggles than their peers, even when they share similar risk factors.One key component of this bias is the above-average effect, where individuals perceive...
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Has Acne Urban Bias ?

S S Pandey, P Kaur, G Singh

    Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    |February 21, 2017
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    Acne prevalence and severity were higher in urban schoolboys compared to rural schoolboys, despite similar physical characteristics. This study highlights environmental factors influencing adolescent acne.

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    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Epidemiology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition affecting adolescents.
    • Environmental and lifestyle factors may influence acne development and severity.
    • Previous research has explored various contributing factors to acne.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the prevalence and severity of acne lesions in urban versus rural schoolboys.
    • To compare physical characteristics between urban and rural adolescent males.
    • To identify potential factors contributing to observed differences in acne between the two groups.

    Main Methods:

    • Survey of schoolboys from Class VIII and X in urban and rural settings.
    • Assessment of acne lesion presence and severity.
    • Measurement of age, height, weight, skin fold thickness (SFT), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels.

    Main Results:

    • Acne was significantly more frequent and severe in urban boys compared to rural boys (p < 0.05).
    • No significant differences were observed in age, height, weight, SFT, or Hb levels between urban and rural groups.
    • The findings suggest environmental influences play a role in acne disparities.

    Conclusions:

    • Urban environments are associated with a higher burden of acne in adolescent males.
    • Physical parameters alone do not explain the observed acne differences.
    • Further investigation into specific urban environmental factors is warranted to understand acne etiology.