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The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most  widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
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Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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Graphene-Induced Pore Formation on Cell Membranes.

Guangxin Duan1, Yuanzhao Zhang2, Binquan Luan2

  • 1Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, SRMP and RAD-X, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.

Scientific Reports
|February 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Graphene nanosheets create pores in cell membranes, causing cell death. This occurs as multiple graphene sheets work together to extract vital phospholipids, leading to membrane damage and reduced cell viability.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Nanomaterial Science
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Understanding nanomaterial interactions with cell membranes is crucial for developing safe nanomedical technologies.
  • Graphene's cytotoxicity is recognized, but the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms behind graphene-induced cell membrane damage and cytotoxicity.
  • To characterize the pore formation process induced by graphene nanosheets on cell membranes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized electron microscopy to visualize pores on cell membranes after graphene exposure.
  • Employed molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the interaction between graphene nanosheets and cell membranes at a molecular level.

Main Results:

  • Graphene nanosheets (pristine and oxidized) were observed to form pores in A549 and Raw264.7 cell membranes.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations revealed cooperative phospholipid extraction by multiple graphene nanosheets, leading to membrane perforation.
  • Strong dispersion interactions between graphene and lipid tails were identified as a key factor in lipid depletion and pore formation.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene nanosheets induce cell membrane damage by creating pores through a cooperative lipid extraction mechanism.
  • This mechanism of membrane perforation contributes significantly to the observed cytotoxicity of graphene.
  • Findings guide the design of safer graphene-based nanomedical applications by elucidating toxicity pathways.