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Analysis of Congenital Heart Defects in Mouse Embryos Using Qualitative and Quantitative Histological Methods
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Risk Factors for Birth Defects.

Benjamin S Harris1, Katherine C Bishop1, Hanna R Kemeny2

  • 1Resident Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
|February 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Identifying birth defect risk factors is crucial. Modifiable factors like alcohol, obesity, and folic acid deficiency require intervention, while nonmodifiable factors such as maternal age necessitate counseling.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Teratology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Congenital abnormalities, or birth defects, affect 2-4% of live births and have significant consequences.
  • Risk factors for birth defects are categorized as modifiable (requiring education) and nonmodifiable (e.g., age, family history).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review risk factors associated with congenital anomalies.
  • To inform healthcare providers on counseling and risk mitigation strategies for birth defects.

Main Methods:

  • A literature review was conducted using PubMed to identify relevant studies on birth defect risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Strong associations exist between alcohol use, folic acid deficiency, obesity, uncontrolled maternal diabetes, uncontrolled maternal phenylketonuria, and monozygotic twins with increased congenital anomaly risk.
  • Advanced maternal age is linked to aneuploidy and nonchromosomal abnormalities. Certain medications (ACE inhibitors, retinoic acid, folic acid antagonists, anticonvulsants) are also associated with birth defects.
  • Limited evidence connects illicit drug use, smoking, advanced paternal age, radiation exposure, and statins to specific birth defects.

Conclusions:

  • Birth defects arise from various modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors.
  • Obstetric providers play a key role in educating patients about modifiable risks and counseling them on nonmodifiable risks to minimize birth defect occurrence.